YiShen HuoXue decoction to alleviate renal fibrosis

Introduction
Chronic kidney illness (CKD) is a damaging situation that’s thought of a public well being concern with excessive morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 Due to the shortage of seen signs within the early levels, CKD is usually not definitively identified till renal fibrosis (RF) is superior and irreversible, and sufferers are depending on dialysis or kidney transplantation for his or her complete lives. Therefore, methods that delay the development of RF are urgently required.2,3 Accumulating proof indicated that the mechanism of RF includes a number of processes together with irregular extracellular matrix deposition4,5 in addition to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,6 inflammatory responses,7 apoptosis,8 fibroblast proliferation and activation,9,10 and pyroptosis.11 Research has proven that inhibiting the activation of those mechanisms can delay RF. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are among the many core medication with the power to delay CKD.12,13 However, sufferers receiving these remedies nonetheless have a major symptom burden and poor high quality of life.14 Therefore, new various complementary therapies are urgently required.
It has been reported that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can be utilized to intervene within the pathogenesis of RF with a novel benefit and promising future within the medical administration of this situation.15 A meta-analysis advised that the mixture of TCM and Western medication was way more efficient in treating RF than Western medication alone.16 YiShen HuoXue decoction (YSHXD) consists of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (Da Huang, DH), Angelica sinensis Radix (Dang Gui, DG), Achyranthes bidentata Radix (Niu Xi, NX), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Dan Shen, DS), Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma (San Qi, SQ), Carthami Flos (Hong Hua, HH) and Astragali Radix (Huang Qi, HQ). Modern pharmacological research have confirmed that DH, DS, HQ, DG, SQ, NX, HH and their parts can inhibit RF and inflammatory responses and promote kidney restore.17–22 Clinical research have advised that YSHXD inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-ɑ and IL-6), thereby defending the vascular endothelium and successfully bettering renal perform and medical signs in CKD sufferers.23 In addition, YSHXD mixed with Losartan Potassium Tablet remedy considerably lowered hs-CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 ranges in dialysis sufferers, and consequently, the harm to vascular endothelial cells brought on by the inflammatory response was attenuated.24 Subsequently, YSHXD was proven to regulate mitochondrial power metabolism, cut back oxidative stress, inhibit apoptosis and delay RF each in vivo and in vitro.25,26
Pyroptosis is a caspase-1-dependent inflammatory type of cell dying. Adapter protein ASC can instantly bind to caspase-1 and is important for caspase-1 activation in response to a broad vary of stimuli.27 NF-κB, TNF-α, TGS2, and IL-1β had been concerned in molecular mechanism of poisonous heavy metallic cadmium-induced coronary heart inflammatory harm.28 TNF-α was upregulated underneath extra poisonous estrogen 4-tert-butylphenol-caused grass carp hepatocyte harm.29 Lead (Pb) remedy elevated NLRP3, IL1β, and GSDMD, in addition to induced intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis in fish.30
Network pharmacology is an strategy used to analyze and predict the potential mechanisms of drug intervention in ailments from a macroscopic perspective. Thus, such a evaluation matches with the multi-component and multi-target mechanisms of TCM.31 Machine-learning (ML), a analysis hotspot in synthetic intelligence, has been confirmed to be extremely environment friendly and correct in predicting related information when utilized to the medical area.32
In this research, the organic targets of YSHXD for treating RF had been predicted utilizing community pharmacology and machine-learning. Moreover, we validated the targets with molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro and in vivo experiments to additional elucidate the therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD in RF.
Materials and MethodsNetwork Pharmacology AnalysisScreening of Active Components and Targets of YSHXD
Potential energetic parts and targets of YSHXD had been acquired within the TCMSP (https://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php, with OB (≥ 30%), and DL (≥ 0.18) set as screening circumstances),33 TCMIP (http://www.tcmip.cn/)34 and BATMAN-TCM (http://bionet.ncpsb.org.cn/batman-tcm/index.php)35 databases utilizing the search time period “DaHuang, DanShen, Hong Hua, Dang Gui, Niu Xi, Huang Qi, and San Qi”. The names of genes and proteins had been standardized in accordance to the UniProt database (http://www.uniprot.org/) earlier than the merged gene targets had been retrieved.36
Collection of RF-Related Targets
RF-related targets of YSHXD had been acquired within the DisGeNET (https://www.disgenet.org/),37 PharmGKB (https://www.pharmgkb.org/),38 GenePlaying cards (https://auth.lifemapsc.com/),39 TTD (https://db.idrblab.net/ttd/)40 and OMIM (https://www.omim.org/)41 databases utilizing the search time period “Renal fibrosis”. The names of genes and proteins had been standardized in accordance to the UniProt database.36
Venn Diagram Mapping of the Intersecting Target Genes
The YSHXD goal genes had been mapped with the RF-related targets to determine the intersecting goal genes utilizing the Venny software (http://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/).
Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network Construction
Based on the cross-targets of YSHXD recognized within the composition databases and the intersection of the composition-disease targets, we constructed PPI networks with medium confidence ranges of 0.4, 0.7, and 0.9 within the STRING database (http://string-db.org/)42 with the species restriction of “Homo sapiens”. The PPI community information had been then imported into Cytoscape 3.7.1 for visualization and evaluation.
Gene Ontology (GO) Functional Enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway Enrichment Analyses for Identification of Potential Targets
To decide the potential organic perform and therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD in RF, we used the DAVID database to carry out GO enrichment evaluation on the cross-targets of YSHXD recognized within the composition databases and the intersection of the composition-disease targets (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/).43 For the GO evaluation, enrichment circles had been plotted in accordance to the highest 10 organic processes, molecular features and mobile parts (P ≤ 0.01). For the KEGG enrichment evaluation, the highest 30 and prime 20 pathways had been chosen for bubble mapping.
Construction of the Main Active Components-RF-Core Target Network
We constructed the “herb-active component-target” and significant “herb-main energetic ingredient-target-pathway” community diagrams for YSHXD remedy of RF based mostly on the foremost energetic substances of herbs, frequent targets and the highest 20 KEGG signaling pathways. The networks had been visualized utilizing Cytoscape 3.7.1 software program.
Machine-Learning Models for Predicting the Target Protein of the Active Components
To confirm the community pharmacology evaluation outcomes, we adopted a machine-learning mannequin that predicted the goal proteins of the YSHXD core energetic parts. This course of additionally aided identification of potential targets of YSHXD in treating RF. Previous research have demonstrated the accuracy of SwissTargetPrediction in figuring out the targets of small molecules.44 A spread of pure merchandise had been submitted to the SwissTargetPrediction database (http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/) for prediction of the most certainly binding targets of YSHXD.45
Molecular Docking Simulation
The principal genes recognized had been chosen for molecular docking simulation with the highest 10 energetic substances of YSHXD, for which 2D buildings had been downloaded from the PubChem database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the mechanistic construction was optimized utilizing ChemBio3D. The crystal buildings of the goal proteins had been obtained from the RCSB database (https://www.rcsb.org/). Ligand and receptor recordsdata had been transformed to pdbqt format by AutoDockTools 1.5.6. The buildings had been improved by changing water molecules with hydrogen atoms. After molecular docking simulation, LibDock scores calculated utilizing Discovery Studio indicated the affinity of ligand binding to the receptor.46
Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Molecular dynamics simulation of the ligand-receptor complexes was carried out utilizing GROMACS (model 2021.2). Protein and ligand topology recordsdata had been generated utilizing the AMBER99SB-ILDN drive area, and ACPYPE script underneath the AMBER drive area, respectively.47,48 MD simulation was carried out in a TIP3 water molecule-filled triclinic field.49 After neutralization of the system with NaCl counter ions, the complicated was then minimized (1000 steps) and equilibrated by working NVT and NPT (100 ps).50 Finally, MD simulation was carried out (100 ns per system) underneath periodic boundary circumstances at 310 Okay temperature and 1.0 bar strain.
Therapeutic Effects of YSHXD on Experimental RFExperimental Reagents and TCM Materials
The following reagents had been used on this research: pentobarbital sodium (AM00469; Sigma, USA); 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Waltham, USA); hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining equipment (G1120; Solarbio, China); Masson’s Trichrome Stain Kit (G1340; Solarbio, China); Rat IL-8 ELISA equipment (SEKR-0014; Solarbio, China), Rat IL-18 ELISA equipment, (CSB-E04610r; Cusabio, China) and Rat IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α ELISA kits (batch numbers ab255730, ab234570, and ab236712, respectively; Abcam, Shanghai, China); Human IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, HGF ELISA kits (batch numbers KE00021, KE00139, KE00006, KE00193, KE00154, and KE00168, respectively; Proteintech, Wuhan, China); anti-IL-1β, anti-NLRP3, anti-alpha easy muscle actin antibodies (batch numbers are GB11113, GB114320, and GB111364, respectively; Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Anti-caspase-1, anti-GSDMD, and anti-PTGS2 antibodies (22915-1-AP, 20770-1-AP and 12375-1-AP, respectively; Proteintech, China); anti-IL-6, anti-NF-κB p65, anti-IL-18, and anti-ASC antibodies (MA5-45070, PA5-27617, PA5-79481 and PA5-95826, respectively; Thermo fisher, China); HQ, DS, DG, DH, SQ, NX and HH (batch numbers 20220201, 20211002, 20211102, 21092901 and 20211101, respectively; Guangxi Xianzhu Traditional Chinese Medicine Technology, Nanning, China).
Experimental Animals and Cells
Specific pathogen-free (SPF) male Sprague–Dawley rats (200 ± 20 g) had been bought from Hunan Slaughter Jingda Laboratory Animals (Changsha, China; Certificate No. SCXK(Xiang)2019–0004; animal high quality certificates quantity: 430727221100824047). All rats had been maintained on the Experimental Centre for Medical Molecular Biology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (License No. SYXK(Gui)2019–0001) underneath the next circumstances: 12-h gentle/darkish cycle, fixed temperature (24 ± 1°C), and relative humidity (50 ± 10%). HK-2 cells (batch quantity: CL-0109), had been offered by Wuhan Punosa Life Technology Co., Ltd. All research had been carried out in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care (Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press). This research was additionally accredited by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (No. DW20220324-130).
YSHXD Preparation
The drug and dose composition of the YSHXD preparation had been as follows: HQ (15 g), DS (15 g), HH (15 g), DH (10 g), DG (10 g), NX (5 g), and SQ (5 g) in a 3:3:3:2:2:1:1 proportion by weight.51 The preparation was formulated in accordance with the “Criteria for TCM Decoction Room Management in Medical Institutions” (approval quantity: GB/T 42282–2022, China) utilizing beforehand described strategies.52 The last yield of uncooked YSHXD (100% focus) was 1 g/mL.
RF Model Preparation and Experimental Grouping
After adaptive feeding for 7 days, 36 SPF male Sprague–Dawley rats (200 ± 20 g) had been randomly divided into the next teams (n = 6 per group): Sham, Model, Losartan Potassium Tablets (LP), YSHXD low-, medium-, and high-dose; The rat mannequin of RF was established utilizing unilateral ureteral ligation (UUO) as beforehand described;53,54 rats within the sham group underwent the identical process however with out ligation of disconnection of the ureter. The low-, medium- and high-dose YSHXD teams had been administered (via gavage) oral doses of three.94 g·kg−1, 7.88 g·kg−1 and 15.75 g·kg−1 YSHXD (at a 1:1 ratio), respectively, based mostly on the conversion of physique floor space between rats and people.55 Rats in LP group had been orally administered Losartan Potassium Tablets (10 mg·kg−1) via gavage. Both the sham and UUO teams acquired equal quantities of distilled water by oral gavage as soon as each day. Following a 14-day interval of drug intervention, rats had been anesthetized by way of intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), and the obstructed renal tissue from the left aspect was collected and preserved. The calculation of pattern measurement for animal experiments was determined based mostly on the “Resource Equation Method” revealed by Arifin et al in 2017.56 The equation for figuring out the overall variety of observations (N) is as follows: N = (X/nB + 1) × KR, the place n represents the pattern measurement per group, B represents the variety of repeated measurements, X ranges between 10 and 20, Okay represents the variety of teams, and R represents the variety of rat remedies. In animal experiments, n=6, B=6, Okay=6, R=6, therefore the calculation can be: N = 36. Therefore, the decided pattern measurement for every experimental group was 6. The experimental high quality was assessed with the ARRIVE pointers (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) 2.0.57
Based on the earlier experiments, HK-2 cells had been cultured till reaching 80% confluence in DMEM full medium supplemented with 10% FBS, at 37 °C underneath a 5% CO2 setting. Subsequently, the cells had been seeded into 12-well plates at a density of 1×105 cells per effectively. They had been then randomly divided into the next teams: Control, a fibrogenesis mannequin teams stimulated with TGF-β (10 μg·L−1), Losartan Potassium Tablets (10 mg·kg−1)58 and YSHXD at various concentrations (20 µg·mL−1, 40 µg·mL−1, 60 µg·mL−1).26
H&E Staining
Formalin (4%)-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections (5 μm thick) of renal tissues had been incubated at 37°C for 1 h, dewaxed and hydrated with xylene and anhydrous ethanol and stained with H&E.59 Renal tissues pathology was evaluated by gentle microscopy (Olympus, Japan).
Masson’s Trichrome Staining
Masson’s trichrome staining of renal tissues part was carried out as beforehand described.60 After sealing, the sections had been photographed underneath a light-weight microscope and pictures had been analyzed utilizing Image J software program. The collagen quantity fraction (CVF, %) was calculated to assess the extent of RF.
ELISA Analysis
ELISA kits had been used to decide IL6, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α and HGF concentrations based mostly on the optical density (OD) measured at 450 nm utilizing a microplate reader (Thermo Scientific, China) and with reference to a typical curve.
Immunohistochemical Analysis
After dewaxing and hydration, renal tissues sections had been repaired by immersion in citrate antigen retrieval answer for 1 h. Sections had been then washed with PBS and blocked with 10% bovine serum albumin at room temperature for 30 min earlier than incubation with major antibodies for the detection of NLRP3 (1:200), caspase-1 (1:100), GSDMD (1:200) and IL-1β (1:800) at 4°C in a moist field. After 24 h, the sections had been washed with PBS (3×) and incubated with biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China) for 20 min. After washing, the DAB substrate was added earlier than the part was counterstained with hematoxylin for 3 min. After including coverslips, the renal tissues sections had been evaluated by gentle microscopy (400 × magnification).
Western Blot Analysis
Total proteins had been extracted from renal tissues and HK-2 cells and protein concentrations had been decided utilizing a BCA equipment. Proteins had been then separated by 8%, 10% and 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. After blocking in 5% skimmed milk answer for 1 h, membranes had been incubated in a single day at 4°C with antibodies for the detection of the next: PTGS2 (1:1000), NLRP3 (1:500), ASC (1:500), caspase-1 (1:2000), GSDMD (1:2000), IL-1β (1:1000), IL-6 (1:1000), IL-18 (1:2000), α-SMA (1:1000), NF-κB p65 (1:1000), β-actin (1:2000) and GAPDH (1:10,000). After 24 h, the membranes had been incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. Protein bands had been visualized utilizing an ECL equipment and quantified by figuring out the grayscale values utilizing ImageJ software program.
CCK-8 Analysis of Cell Viability
HK-2 cell viability was decided with CCK-8 reagent based mostly on OD450 nm.
Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis
Total RNA was extracted from HK-2 cells utilizing TRIzol reagent in accordance to the producer’s directions. To detect the purity and integrity of RNA, the OD worth was measured utilizing the BioPhotometer plus system (Eppendorf, Germany); OD260/OD280 >1.8 indicated a excessive diploma of purity of the ready RNA. The whole RNA was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and full extraction was confirmed based mostly on the presence of the three intact bands (5S rRNA, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) visualized with an imaging system. cDNA was generated utilizing a reverse transcription equipment (AE301-02; TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd, China) in accordance to the producer’s directions. Gene expression ranges had been decided by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR with the next response system: cDNA 5 μL, upstream and downstream primers 0.5 μL every, 2× SYBR Green qPCR SuperMix 10 μL, and dH2O 4.0 μL. The response circumstances had been as follows: 95°C pre-denaturation for five min adopted by 40 cycles of 95°C denaturation for 15s and 60°C annealing extension for 34s. The Ct of every pattern was measured utilizing the ABI PRISM® 7500 Sequence Detection System and information had been normalized in opposition to β-actin. Relative gene expression ranges had been calculated utilizing the two−ΔΔCt methodology. The primers had been synthesized by Guangzhou de Weijia Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, and full particulars had been proven in Table 1.
Table 1 Primer Sequences

Statistical Analysis
All experiments had been repeated at the very least 5 instances independently and the information had been offered because the imply ± SD. Data had been analyzed utilizing GraphPad Prism (model 9.0.0) software program as follows: Shapiro–Wilk check (for n ≥ 10) or QQ plot (for n < 10) was used to assess data normality. The homogeneity of the data was assessed with Bartlett’s test. When the data were normally distributed with equal variance (P > 0.05). Comparisons between two teams had been analyzed utilizing the Student’s t-test. Multiple group comparisons had been evaluated by One-way ANOVA, adopted by a post-hoc Bonferroni a number of comparability check. If the belief of equal variance was violated, Welch ANOVA evaluation was utilized, adopted by a post-hoc Dunnett’s T3 a number of comparability check. P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. ResultsNetwork Pharmacology AnalysisActive Components and Potential Targets of YSHXD In total, 286 active components (8 for NX, 39 for DS, 59 for DH, 22 for HH, 51 for SQ, 83 for DG, and 24 for HQ) and 2001 targets were identified in the BATMAN-TCM database (Table S1). In addition, 252 active components (79 for DH, 44 for SQ, 35 for DS, 21 for HH, 24 for HQ, 14 for NX, and 35 for DG) and 469 targets were obtained in the TCMIP database (Table S2). After preliminary pharmacokinetic screening, 153 active components were obtained in the tcmsp database. After removing the active components without potential target information, a total of 129 active components (10 in DH, 59 in DS, 17 in HH, 7 in SQ, 2 in DG, 17 in HQ, and 17 in NX) and 271 targets were obtained (Table S3). After integrating these data, 446 active components of YSHXD and 56 targets were selected for the next step of our analysis (Figure 1a) (Table S4). Figure 1 Network pharmacology target analysis. (a) UpSet diagram of the three component databases; (b) Venn diagram of five disease target databases; (c) Venn diagram of the targets of the active components of YSHXD and the RF-related targets; (d) 56 overlapping YSHXD target PPI network diagram; (e) 22 overlapping YSHXD-RF target PPI network diagram. RF-Related Targets Searches of the TTD, PharmGkB, OMIM, DisGeNET and GeneCards databases yielded 3, 13, 35, 570 and 765 RF-related targets, respectively. After all the targets were integrated and duplicate values removed, 1177 RF-associated target proteins were acquired (Figure 1b). PPI Network Construction and the Search for Core Targets of YSHXD A total of 22 overlapping YSHXD and RF-related targets were identified as potential therapeutic targets of YSHXD in RF treatment (Figure 1c) (Table S5). To investigate the core targets in the treatment of RF, 56 targets of YSHXD and 22 overlapping YSHXD-RF target genes were imported into STRING and the PPI network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.1 software. The PPI network of YSHXD with an interaction score >0.9 comprised 43 nodes and 86 edges and the core targets had been predicted to embody AKT1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF, RXRA, NCOA1, and PTGS2 (Figure 1d). The PPI community of YSHXD within the remedy of RF with an interplay rating >0.9 comprised 14 nodes and 16 edges (Figure 1e) and IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF had been recognized because the core targets.
GO Functional Enrichment and KEGG Pathway Enrichment Analyses
The 56 overlapping YSHXD goal genes had been submitted to the DAVID database and OmicShare cloud platform for GO purposeful and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. A complete of 1379 associated GO purposeful enrichment phrases and 70 KEGG pathways had been recognized (P ≤ 0.01). The GO phrases included 1140 organic processes (BP), 177 molecular features (MF) and 62 mobile parts (CC). The prime 10 entries for BP, MF, CC enrichment within the GO evaluation had been listed in Figure 2a. These analyses demonstrated that organic processes, equivalent to mobile response to natural cyclic compounds, response to lipid, intracellular receptor signaling pathway, response to endogenous stimulus, and regulation of organic high quality play essential roles within the results of YSHXD. The MF phrases included GABA-A receptor exercise, benzodiazepine receptor exercise, steroid hormone receptor exercise, transition metallic ion binding, and transmitter-gated ion channel exercise concerned in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential. The CC phrases had been primarily involved with dendrite membrane, chloride channel complicated, membrane-enclosed lumen, and the GABA receptor complicated. The prime 30 KEGG pathways included pathways in most cancers, GABAergic synapse, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic issues, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the Th17 cell differentiation, HIF-1, VEGF, TNF, and NF-κB signaling pathways had been recognized as the primary pathways concerned within the results of YSHXD (Figure 2b).
Figure 2 Enrichment evaluation of community pharmacological targets and multidimensional community graph evaluation. (a) GO purposeful enrichment evaluation of the 56 overlapping YSHXD targets; (b) KEGG enrichment evaluation of the 56 overlapping YSHXD targets; (c) Bubble chart of the KEGG signaling pathways related to YSHXD; (d) Bubble chart of the KEGG signaling pathways related to the therapeutic impact of YSHXD on RF; (e) Herb-active component-target community diagram; (f) Sankey diagram of the herb-main energetic component-target-pathway.

Corresponding analyses on the 22 core YSHXD-RF targets yielded 1391 GO enrichment phrases and 54 KEGG pathways (P ≤ 0.01). The GO phrases concerned within the results of YSHXD within the remedy of RF included 1280 BP, 86 MF and 25 CC. The prime 10 entries for BP, MF, CC enrichment within the GO evaluation are listed in Figure 2c. Negative regulation of apoptosis, destructive regulation of programmed cell dying, regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism and response to natural cyclic compounds had been notably enriched within the BP class. The CC phrases included cytosol, cytoplasm, and IL-6 receptor complicated. The MF phrases had been primarily related to antioxidant exercise, peroxidase exercise, phosphatase binding, and oxidoreductase exercise. The prime 20 KEGG enrichment pathways revealed HIF-1 signaling, TNF signaling and VEGF signaling as potential pathways concerned within the mechanism underlying the therapeutic results of YSHXD in RF (Figure second).
Multidimensional Network Graph Analysis
A visualized “herb-active component-target” community was constructed from the 364 energetic parts of YSHXD and the 22 YSHXD-RF targets utilizing Cytoscape software program (Figure 2e). The community had 393 nodes and 1339 edges, with core energetic parts together with quercetin (diploma = 23), kaempferol (20), luteolin (12), beta-sitosterol (12), wogonin (11), stigmasterol (11), isorhamnetin (9), baicalein (9), dihydrotanshinlactone (9), and progesterone (9). The core targets included AR (diploma = 141), PTGS2 (127), IL1β (96), TNF (70), and IL6 (60). This multidimensional community graph evaluation demonstrated that these energetic parts and targets play an important function within the therapeutic results of YSHXD on RF. Molecular docking simulation was carried out for 5 core targets and 10 core energetic parts of YSHXD. Subsequently, a key “herb-main energetic ingredient-target-pathway” Sankey map was constructed utilizing the highest 10 core energetic parts of YSHXD, the highest 20 KEGG enrichment pathways, and customary targets (Figure 2f). The map indicated that quercetin, kaempferol, AKT1, BCL2, and pathways in most cancers had been extremely enriched and that the therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD on RF would possibly contain a number of pathways and targets.
Machine-Learning Model Prediction of the Target Protein of the Core Active Components of YSHXD
10 core energetic parts of YSHXD and 749 targets with a likelihood 0 had been predicted utilizing the SwissTargetPrediction server (Table S6). To maximize accuracy, we summarized the highest 15 most possible targets for every core energetic element as proven in Table 2. Interestingly, AR and PTGS2, each of which had been recognized as key targets of YSHXD within the RF remedy, had been additionally predicted.
Table 2 Top 15 Potential Targets of the Core Active Components of YSHXD Predicted by SwissTargetPrediction

Molecular Docking Simulation
After integrating the community pharmacology and machine-learning information, molecular docking simulation was carried out with the 5 core targets (IL-6, IL1β, TNF, AR, and PTGS2) and the core parts (quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, beta-sitosterol, wogonin, stigmasterol, isorhamnetin, baicalein, dihydrotanshinlactone, and progesterone) of YSHXD. The 5 pairs of protein-ligand complicated methods with the strongest binding capability had been chosen for visualization (Figure 3a–e) (Table S7). A warmth map based mostly on the LibDock scores calculated by Discovery Studio software program revealed that AR-luteolin, PTGS2-beta-sitosterol, IL1β-luteolin, TNF-luteolin, and IL6-kaempferol had wonderful binding potential (Figure 3f), with LibDock scores of 139.523, 140.585, 85.4176, 91.1699, and 110.979, respectively (Table S8).
Figure 3 Partial outcomes of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of YSHXD core energetic parts and proteins. (a) AR-luteolin; (b) PTGS2-beta-sitosterol; (c) IL1B-luteolin; (d) TNF-luteolin; (e) IL6-kaempferol, (f) warmth map of LibDock scores and (g) RMSD, RMSF and Rg of key energetic parts and goal proteins of YSHXD.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation
On the premise of the molecular docking research, kinetic simulations of 100 ns had been carried out for every of the 5 pairs of protein-ligand complicated methods to discover the potential interplay mechanisms inside every system. Except for the IL6-kaempferol system, all methods reached equilibrium after 100 ns, indicating that the system was secure, at which level the MD simulation trajectories had been accessible for additional evaluation. The imply Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) for the AR-luteolin and TNF-luteolin methods had been within the ranges 0.079–0.224 and 0.076–0.214, respectively, which was considerably decrease than the ranges for the IL1β-luteolin, PTGS2-beta-sitosterol, IL6-kaempferol methods (0.075–0.340, 0.076–0.270, and 0.087–0.267 respectively). The 5 methods had completely different Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) fluctuation developments and versatile areas and shaped interactions with the compounds, indicating variations within the interactions of the 5 energetic parts with their respective binding targets. The radius of gyration (Rg) worth signifies the closeness of the complicated construction. The common Rg values of PTGS2-beta-sitosterol, AR-luteolin, IL6-kaempferol, TNF-luteolin, and IL1β-luteolin had been 2.404, 1.909, 1.570, 1.496, and 1.448 nm, respectively. Thus, the MD simulation outcomes had been in line with the molecular docking simulations exhibiting efficient binding between IL1β-luteolin, PTGS2-beta-sitosterol, IL6-kaempferol, AR-luteolin, and TNF-luteolin (Figure 3g).
Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction-Induced RF
As a prerequisite for in-depth research of the therapeutic results of YSHXD on RF, we established a strong mannequin of UUO in rats. To assess the success of the mannequin, twelve rats had been ready for the pre-experiment and randomly divided into the sham group and a gaggle present process unilateral ureteral ligation (UUO mannequin), with six rats in every group (Figure 4a). The kidney of UUO mannequin rats appeared to be considerably bigger in measurement, grey in colour and ischemic than these of the rats within the sham group (Figure 4b). H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining confirmed that the sham group of rats had structurally intact kidneys with a small quantity of collagen fibers. In the UUO mannequin group, glomerular atrophy, lack of tubular construction, partial inflammatory infiltration, vital fibrosis of renal tissues, and considerably elevated collagen quantity fraction had been noticed (paired two-tailed t-test, P = 0.0000) (Figure 4c and d). Compared to the sham group, α-SMA expression was considerably greater within the UUO mannequin group (paired two-tailed t-test, P = 0.0000) (Figure 4e). These outcomes confirmed profitable institution of the UUO mannequin and its suitability to be used in subsequent research.
Figure 4 Effect of UUO by surgical ligation on renal tissues and results of YSHXD on the final and histopathological traits of UUO mannequin rats. (a) Experimental design scheme; (b) diagram of the kidney look (n = 6/group); (c) rat renal histopathology by H&E staining (n = 6/group) (× 200 and × 400 magnification); (d) Masson’s trichrome staining (n = 6/group, paired two-tailed t-test) (× 400 magnification); (e) consultant Western blot photographs of α-SMA expression (n = 6/group, paired two-tailed t-test). (f) Body weight (n = 6/group, two‑method ANOVA with Sidak’s post-hoc check); (g) renal index (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check); (h) H&E staining (n = 6/group) (× 200 and × 400 magnification); (i) Masson’s trichrome staining (× 400 magnification) and collagen fiber space (%) (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check); (j) consultant Western blot photographs of α-SMA and PTGS2 ranges (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check). Data had been represented because the imply ± SD. ****P < 0.0001 vs Sham group; ##P < 0. 01 and ####P < 0.0001 vs Model group.Abbreviations: Sham, Sham group; UUO, UUO Model; LP, Losartan Potassium Tablets group; YSHXD-L, YSHXD-Low dose group; YSHXD-M, YSHXD-Medium dose group; YSHXD-H, YSHXD-High-dose group. YSHXD Ameliorated RF in UUO Model RatsEffects of YSHXD on the General State and Renal Structure of UUO Model Rats After 14 days of modeling, the physique weight of rats in all teams elevated considerably, though the smallest improve was discovered within the UUO group (two‑method ANOVA with Sidak’s post-hoc check, UUO, P = 0.0013; YSHXD-L, P = 0.0001; LP, YSHXD-M, YSHXD-H, P = 0.0000) (Figure 4f). Compared with the sham group, the renal index within the UUO group was considerably greater (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, P = 0.0000), whereas the renal indexes of every remedy group had been decrease than that of the UUO group (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, YSHXD-L, P = 0.005; LP, YSHXD-M, YSHXD-H, P = 0.0000) (Figure 4g). Compared with the sham group, H&E staining confirmed extra dilated or atrophied renal tubules, irregular glomerular morphology and inflammatory cell infiltration within the UUO group. Interestingly, tubular dilatation or atrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration had been decreased within the YSHXD-supplemented group, and these results appeared to be dose-dependent. The same impact was achieved within the LP-treated group (Figure 4h). Masson’s trichrome staining confirmed solely minor collagen fiber deposition within the renal tissues of the sham group. Marked collagen fiber deposition and an elevated share constructive space had been noticed within the UUO group (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, P = 0.0000). The LP and YSHXD teams exhibited some modifications in collagen fiber deposition and the share constructive space was considerably lowered in contrast with that within the UUO group (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000) (Figure 4i). Compared with the sham group, elevated ranges of each α-SMA and PTGS2, each of that are essential think about selling RF,61,62 had been detected in UUO mannequin rats (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000). In distinction, in contrast with the UUO group, α-SMA and PTGS2 ranges had been decreased within the LP and YSHXD teams (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000) (Figure 4j). Thus, we demonstrated that YSHXD improved renal construction and alleviated RF. YSHXD Inhibited Serum Inflammatory Factor Expression in UUO Model Rats To consider the anti-inflammatory impact of YSHXD in UUO mannequin rats, we measured inflammatory issue expression by ELISA within the sham, UUO, LP, and YSHXD teams. Compared with the sham group, the expression ranges of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 and TNF-α had been considerably raised within the mannequin rats (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000). Compared with the mannequin teams, the expression ranges of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 and TNF-α had been considerably lowered in every remedy group (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000) (Figure 5a), suggesting that YSHXD inhibited inflammatory response in RF. Figure 5 YSHXD protects renal tissues in UUO mannequin rats (n = 6) by regulating pyroptosis. (a) Serum ranges of inflammatory components in UUO rats measured by ELISA (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check); (b) consultant immunohistochemical staining of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-1β in renal tissues (× 400 magnification); (c) quantification of the information proven in (b) (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check); (d) protein expression ranges of NLRP3, ASC, NF-κB, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18, IL-1β, and IL-6 decided by immunoblotting; (e) quantification of the information proven in (d) (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check). Data had been represented because the imply ± SD. ****P < 0.0001 vs Sham group; ###P < 0.001 and ####P < 0.0001 vs Model group. YSHXD Inhibited Pyroptosis in UUO Model Rats The community pharmacology outcomes indicated that IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α are key targets, and destructive regulation of programmed cell dying was key organic course of within the anti-RF exercise of YSHXD. Reviews of the related literature7,63–66 indicated that these inflammatory components are actively concerned within the RF course of and enormous quantities are produced throughout pyroptosis. In addition, YSHXD can inhibit the discharge of ROS from mitochondria, thereby assuaging oxidative stress and delaying RF.67 Thus, we speculated that YSHXD alleviates RF by inhibiting pyroptosis. IHC staining revealed greater expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-1β within the UUO mannequin group in contrast with that within the sham group (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000). Compared with the UUO mannequin group, expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-1β was decreased within the LP and YSHXD remedy teams (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, IL-1β: YSHXD-L, P = 0.0004; LP, YSHXD-M, YSHXD-H, P = 0.0000; NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD: all P = 0.0000) (Figure 5b and c). In addition, Western blot evaluation confirmed upregulation of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κBp65, IL-18, IL-6, and IL-1β protein expression within the UUO group (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000), which was considerably reversed within the LP and YSHXD remedy teams (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, IL-1β: YSHXD-L, P = 0.0002; LP, YSHXD-M, YSHXD-H, P = 0.0000; NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κBp65, IL-6, IL-18: all P = 0.0000) (Figure 5d and e). YSHXD Inhibited Pyroptosis and Exerted Anti-RF Effects in HIK-2 Cells We subsequent used a HK-2 cell fibrosis mannequin to verify that YSHXD alleviates RF by inhibiting the pyroptosis pathway. According to CCK-8 assays, the viability of HIK-2 cells progressively decreased with prolongation of TGF-β remedy (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, P = 0.0000), however elevated underneath YSHXD or LP remedy (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, YSHXD-L, P = 0.0054; LP, YSHXD-M, YSHXD-H, P = 0.0000) (Figure 6a). ELISA assays revealed that IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, and HGF expression ranges had been all upregulated within the mannequin group in contrast to these within the management group (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000). As anticipated, LP and YSHXD inhibited the expression of inflammatory components and elevated HGF expression in contrast with the mannequin group, and the impact of YSHXD appeared to be dose-dependent (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni submit hoc check, HGF: YSHXD-L, P = 0.0028; LP, YSHXD-M, YSHXD-H, P = 0.0000; IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α: all P = 0.0000) (Figure 6b). To decide whether or not YSHXD acts instantly to induce pyroptosis, we investigated the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κBp65, IL-1β and IL-6 in HK-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β. Western blot evaluation demonstrated that the protein ranges of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κBp65, IL-1β and IL-6 had been elevated in HK-2 cells by TGF-β stimulation (one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000). In distinction, RT-qPCR evaluation revealed that LP and YSHXD remedy considerably lowered NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κBp65, IL-1β and IL-6 transcript ranges, and the impact of YSHXD appeared to be dose-dependent method (Welch ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 post-hoc check, P = 0.0000) (Figure 6c). Moreover, each remedies inhibited the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κBp65, IL-1β and IL-6 (Western blot: one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000; RT-qPCR: Welch ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 post-hoc check, all P = 0.0000) (Figure 6d and e). These outcomes supported our speculation that YSHXD ameliorates RF by inhibiting pyroptosis. Figure 6 YSHXD inhibited pyroptosis and exerted anti-RF results in HIK-2 cells. (a) Viability of HK-2 cells measured by CCK-8 assay (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check) and pictures of HK-2 cell morphology (× 200 magnification); (b) ranges of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α and HGF in HK-2 cell tradition supernatants measured by ELISA (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check); (c) transcript ranges of NLRP3, NF-κB, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-6 in TGF-β-induced HK-2 cells measured by RT-qPCR (n = 6/group, Welch ANOVA with Dunnett’s T3 post-hoc check); (d) protein ranges of NLRP3, NF-κB, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-6 decided by Western blotting; (e) quantification of the information proven in (d) (n = 6/group, one‑method ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc check). Data had been represented because the imply ± SD. ****P < 0.0001 vs Control group; ##P < 0.01 and ####P < 0.0001 vs Model group.Abbreviations: Control, Control group; Fibrogenesis Model, Fibrogenesis Model group; LP, Losartan Potassium Tablets group; YSHXD-L, YSHXD-Low dose group; YSHXD-M, YSHXD-Medium dose group; YSHXD-H, YSHXD-High-dose group. Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Validate the Binding of Core Active Components of YSHXD with Pyroptosis-Related Proteins Molecular docking evaluation was carried out with the 5 targets (NLRP3, NF-κB, caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-18) and the core energetic parts of YSHXD (Table S9). NLRP3-beta-sitosterol, NF-κB-kaempferol, caspase-1-quercetin, GSDMD-luteolin, and IL-18-luteolin had been discovered to have comparatively good docking potential, with LibDock scores of 112.666, 94.7585, 181.286, 112.726, and 103.044, respectively (Figure 7a-f) (Table S10). Figure 7 Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of core energetic parts of YSHXD and proteins (partial outcomes). (a) NLRP3-beta-sitosterol; (b) NF-κB-kaempferol; (c) caspase-1-quercetin; (d) GSDMD-luteolin; (e) IL-18-luteolin; (f) warmth map of LibDock scores, and (g) RMSD, RMSF and hydrogen bond warmth map of key energetic parts and goal proteins. All methods reached equilibrium after 100 ns, with common RMSDs of 0.129–0.339, 0.117–0.799, 0.101–0.489, 0.068–0.264 and 0.111–0.391 for the NLRP3-beta-sitosterol, NF-κB-kaempferol, caspase-1-quercetin, GSDMD-luteolin, and IL-18-luteolin methods, respectively. Each system additionally exhibited completely different RMSF fluctuation developments and versatile areas. The hydrogen bonding thermogram additionally exhibited good stability. Thus, the MD and molecular docking simulations demonstrated that YSHXD had good potential to bind with NLRP3, NF-κB, caspase-1, GSDMD, and IL-18 (Figure 7g). Discussion RF is frequent amongst all progressive CKDs, with the pathogenesis involving a cross-network interactions of a number of targets, pathways, and mechanisms. Unfortunately, single-target medication have restricted results on RF. TCM formulations include quite a few energetic compounds with a number of pharmacological activities-multiple targets-multiple pathways traits, offering new therapeutic prospects for RF. In this research, we adopted a community pharmacology and machine-learning strategy mixed with experimental validation to elucidate the potential therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD in RF. In community pharmacology investigations, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, beta-sitosterol, wogonin, stigmasterol, isorhamnetin, baicalein, dihydrotanshinlactone, and progesterone had been recognized as the foremost energetic compounds concerned within the therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD in UUO-induced RF. Quercetin, probably the most enriched energetic element of YSHXD, has a variety of organic actions. A research confirmed that quercetin can regulate oxidative stress to enhance irritation and shield in opposition to RF.68 Ma found that quercetin inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles to enhance tubulointerstitial transformation and RF.69 Therefore, quercetin could successfully deal with kidney ailments. Loss or acquire in TGF-β expression is believed to stimulate fibroblast activation and proliferation, taking part in a key function within the fibrosis related to varied CKDs.70,71 Kaempferol decreased NF-κB phosphorylation and inhibited TGF-β signaling transduction in HK-2 cells and likewise attenuated fibrosis.72 Moreover, in a diabetic nephropathy mannequin, kaempferol lowered the expression ranges of fibrosis markers and improved RF.73 As a flavonoid compound, Luteolin inhibited LPS-induced liver irritation by suppressing the manufacturing of inflammation-related genes TNF-α and IL-6.74 Luteolin alleviated macrophage infiltration and attenuated the kidney tissues harm brought on by irritation and oxidative stress, thus in the end bettering RF in a mouse mannequin of MRL/lpr.75,76 Moreover, Yu reported that luteolin additionally inhibited the induction and activation strategy of NLRP3, thus assuaging podocyte harm.77 Oxidative stress stands as one of many contributory components to renal ailments. Wogonin, as a possible anti-fibrotic natural monomer with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective results, has been verified to alleviate liver harm by concurrently ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammatory response.78 Reports point out that wogonin impedes oxidative stress, regulates NF-κB-mediated renal inflammatory response, successfully protects renal tissues, and ameliorates renal fibrosis.79,80 Isorhamnetin, alternatively, protects renal perform and delays RF by inhibiting the expression of proteins related to the NF-κB signaling pathway.81 In addition, the flavonoid isorhamnetin regulates NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, MAPK and different signaling pathways to suppress the discharge of pro-inflammatory components equivalent to TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8.82 Modern pharmacology signifies that the flavonoid monomer baicalein delays RF via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions.83,84 In addition, baicalein exerts anti-fibrotic exercise that inhibits apoptosis to enhance renal tubular interstitial fibrosis.85 Although stories of using progesterone to deal with RF are scarce, Bahaa demonstrated that progesterone decreased TGF-β expression and delays fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.86 The mechanism by which dihydrotanshinlactone, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol intervene within the strategy of RF stays to be elucidated. Overall, this proof helps our community pharmacology evaluation information, suggesting that YHSXD comprises a number of bioactive parts that successfully delay RF. The mixed outcomes of community pharmacology evaluation and machine-learning implicated the inflammation-related genes encoding IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, AR and PTGS2 because the core targets of YSHXD in treating RF. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with bidirectional properties. While average quantities of IL-6 promote restore of injured tissues, extreme or sustained manufacturing of IL-6 induces immune imbalance, amplifies inflammatory responses, and exacerbates organ harm.87 Furthermore, IL-6 knockdown reverses RF brought on by activation of the Wnt/β-linked protein pathway.88 As a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, IL-1β upregulates fascin-1 expression by tubular epithelial cells to induce RF.89,90 TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory issue that recruits and stimulates varied immunoreactive cells and mediates infarct-induced RF. Interestingly, Meldrum discovered that RF was ameliorated when TNF-α was inhibited.91 In CKD, PTGS2 is concerned within the regulation of inflammatory components accumulation in goal organs, which consequently induces tissue fibrosis.92 Although AR has been studied fairly extensively within the area of most cancers, there are few stories of its results on RF and therefore, no experimental validation was carried out. In accordance with these earlier stories, our molecular docking and MD simulations demonstrated that IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PTGS2, and AR are had been concerned in therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD in RF. The predicted targets of YSHXD are primarily inflammation-related. However, whether or not they're actual targets of YSHXD or only a downstream occasion stays to be verified in additional research utilizing biophysical and molecular organic strategies. Pyroptosis mediates the discharge of huge quantities of inflammatory components which can be within the prevalence of RF. NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD is a classical signaling pathway in pyroptosis.93 Activation of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling induces secretion of things equivalent to IL-18 and IL-1β, which activate the NF-κB signaling cascade that mediates irritation and pyroptosis, inflicting tissue harm.94,95 Therefore, it was hypothesized that YSHXD can inhibit inflammatory response, cut back kidney harm and delay RF by interfering with pyroptosis. We investigated this speculation utilizing a UUO-induced rat mannequin of fibrosis and likewise within the HK-2 cell fibrosis mannequin. Persistent inflammatory infiltration promotes the synthesis of fibrotic components, main to pathological RF. In the UUO rat mannequin, HE and Masson’s trichrome staining indicated that YSHXD lowered inflammatory infiltration of kidney tissues and alleviated RF. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, and PTGS2 have been proven to be essential regulators of the inflammatory response, with a spread of the inflammatory cascade responses mediated by these components taking part in key roles in RF.63 HGF and α-SMA block the activation of interstitial fibroblasts and mesangial cells, and likewise inhibit the EMT course of to delay RF.96,97 Our in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that YSHXD considerably inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, α-SMA and PTGS2. Furthermore, HGF degree was considerably elevated by YSHXD remedy. Immunohistochemistry evaluation revealed that YSHXD downregulated NLRP3, Caspsase-1, GSDMD, and IL-1β expression in vivo. Furthermore, Western blot evaluation confirmed that YSHXD clearly inhibited protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κBp65, IL-18, IL-6, and IL-1β each in vivo and in vitro and the outcomes had been confirmed by qRT-PCR evaluation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations additionally confirmed that YSHXD might bind with NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, NF-κB and IL-18, additional verified that YSHXD might inhibit the pyroptosis. Thus, these experimental research confirmed the predictions of the community pharmacology evaluation that YSHXD attenuated inflammatory responses and ameliorated RF by blocking pyroptosis (Figure 8). In this research, we didn't discover the energetic parts and targets of YSHXD on the molecular degree to make clear its potential to degrade the binding web site of the goal, thereby inhibiting the goal degradation course of. We purpose to examine this potential mechanism in future research utilizing strategies equivalent to biotin fluorescent labeling and DARTS. Figure 8 Schematic illustration of the therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD in renal fibrosis. In UUO or TGF-β-induced fibrosis fashions, pro-inflammatory cytokine ranges had been raised, pyroptosis was activated, and inflammatory components had been launched, main to renal fibrosis. YSHXD inhibits pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD activation to alleviate renal fibrosis. Conclusions In abstract, community pharmacological evaluation and experimental validation successfully revealed the core parts and biomolecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic results of YSHXD in opposition to RF. Specifically, our outcomes advised that YSHXD ameliorated RF by mediating anti-pyroptosis results that could be associated to regulation of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD sign transduction. Furthermore, exploration of organic features of YSHXD revealed that therapeutic mechanism of YSHXD could also be associated to its potential to regulate processes together with immune response, inflammatory response, vascular endothelial neogenesis, apoptosis, and oxygen demand. These findings confirmed that YSHXD exerted its anti-RF impact by way of a multi-component and multi-target mechanism. These findings not solely present a brand new drug candidate for the medical administration of RF, but additionally spotlight an avenue of the analysis that might lengthen the therapeutic use of YSHXD for different ailments. Abbreviations RF, renal fibrosis; UUO, unilateral ureteral ligation; YSHXD, YiShen HuoXue decoction; GSDMD, gasdermin D; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-8, Interleukin-8; IL-18, Interleukin-18; NLRP3, NLR household pyrin area containing 3; NF-κB P65, nuclear issue kappa-B p65; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis issue α; AR, Androgen receptor; PTGS2, Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2; HGF, Hepatocyte development issue; RMSD, Root Mean Square Deviation; RMSF, Root Mean Square Fluctuation; Rg, radius of gyration; CKDs, Chronic kidney ailments. Data Sharing Statement The information that help the findings of this research can be found from the corresponding writer upon cheap request. Ethical Approval This research is involving human information from public databases DisGeNET, harmGKB, GenePlaying cards, TTD and OMIM. Due to DisGeNET, harmGKB, GenePlaying cards, TTD and OMIM belong to public databases and customers can obtain related information free of charge for analysis and publish related articles, the ethics committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine confirms that this research would have had the necessity for ethics approval waived. Institutional Review Board Statement All the animal research had been carried out in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and had been accredited by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (No. DW20220324-130). Acknowledgments The authors thank the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Preventive Medicine for supporting the research. Finally, we admire the involvement of all authors on this research. Author Contributions All authors made a major contribution to the work reported, whether or not that's within the conception, research design, execution, acquisition of information, evaluation and interpretation, or in all these areas; took half in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article; gave last approval of the model to be revealed; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all features of the work. Funding The analysis is financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060820, 82260866), Guangxi Provincial Natural Scientific Foundation (2022JJA140201). Disclosure The authors declare that there are not any conflicts of curiosity on this work. 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